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Acute load-dependent effects of oral whey protein on gastric emptying, gut hormone release, glycemia, appetite, and energy intake in healthy men.

University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; School of Health Sciences and. University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, and National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; and. University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Food and Nutrition Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organization, Adelaide, Australia natalie.luscombe-marsh@csiro.au.

The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2015;(6):1574-84
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Abstract

BACKGROUND In healthy individuals, intraduodenal whey protein load-dependently modulates gastrointestinal motor and hormonal functions and suppresses energy intake. The effect of oral whey, particularly the impact of load, has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to quantify gastric emptying of 30 and 70 g of oral whey protein loads and their relation to gastrointestinal hormone, glycemic, and appetitive responses. DESIGN On 3 separate occasions in a randomized, double-blind order, 18 lean men [mean ± SEM age: 24.8 ± 1.4 y; body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 21.6 ± 0.5] received iso-osmolar, equally palatable drinks (∼450 mL) containing 30 g pure whey protein isolate (L), 70 g pure whey protein isolate (H), or saline (control). Gastric emptying (with the use of 3-dimensional ultrasound), plasma cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, insulin, glucagon, total amino acids, and blood glucose were measured for 180 min after consumption of the drinks, and energy intake at a buffet-style lunch was quantified. RESULTS Gastric emptying of the L and H drinks was comparable when expressed in kilocalories per minute (L: 2.6 ± 0.2 kcal/min; H: 2.9 ± 0.3 kcal/min) and related between individuals (r = 0.54, P < 0.01). Gastrointestinal hormone, insulin, and glucagon responses to the L and H drinks were comparable until ∼45-60 min after ingestion, after which time the responses became more differentiated. Blood glucose was modestly reduced after the H drink between t = 45 and 150 min when compared with the L drink (all P < 0.05). Energy intake was suppressed by both L and H drinks compared with control (P < 0.05) (control: 1174 ± 91 kcal; L: 1027 ± 81 kcal; and H: 997 ± 71 kcal). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that, in healthy lean men, the rate of gastric emptying of whey protein is independent of load and determines the initial gastrointestinal hormone response. This study was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as 12611000706976.

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MeSH terms : Gastric Mucosa ; Whey Proteins